“Sacred values and conflict over Iran’s nuclear program,” Judgment and Decision Making, Vol. “For Cause and Comrade: Devoted Actors and Willingness to Fight,” Atran, Scott; Sheikh, Hammad; Gomez, Angel, CLIODYNAMICS: The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution 5 (1), 2014 In Study 3, Palestinians who felt more humiliated by peace deals were less likely to support those deals, while Israeli symbolic compromises that decreased feelings of humiliation increased support for the same deals. At any given time these interests may compete. Introduction. So!!!! With some insights from social science research, I will try to outline a few conditions that may help move such youth from taking the path of violent extremism…. “The Devoted Actor as Parochial Altruist: Sectarian Morality, Identity Fusion, and Support for Costly Sacrifices,” Sheikh, Hammad; Atran, Scott; Ginges, Jeremy; Wilson, Lydia; Obeid, Nadine; Davis, Richard, CLIODYNAMICS 5(1), 2014 “Money has never made man happy, nor will it,” gibed Ben Franklin, but “if a man empties his purse into his head no one can take it away from him; an investment in knowledge always pays the best interest.” He founded America’s first learned society “to improve the common stock of knowledge,” which called for inquiry into many practical matters as well as “all philosophical Experiments that Light into the Nature of Things … and multiply the Conveniences or Pleasures of Life.” George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Paine, James Madison, and John Marshall all joined Franklin’s society and took part in the political, social, and economic revolution it helped spawn. “Genesis of suicide terrorism,” Science magazine, March 2003, v. 299, pp. 6083 pp. Jamestown Terrorism Monitor, v. 2 no. INCREASE America’s moral standing, influence, and leadership. / UK House of Lords, Oct / Nov ’07, “Sacred Barriers to Conflict Resolution,” Scott Atran, Robert Axelrod, Richard Davis, “Sacred bounds on rational resolution of violent political conflict,” Jeremy Ginges, Scott Atran, Douglas Medin, and Khalil Shikaki Political Conflicts & Conflict Resolution. Recent research by the More in Common Foundation found that more than three-fourths of Americans support both stricter gun laws and a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants brought here as children. We also offer suggestions for how to overcome sacred barriers by refining sacred values to exclude outmoded claims, exploiting the inevitable ambiguity of sacred values, shifting the context, provisionally prioritizing values, and reframing responsibility. Sacred values are different from secular values in that they are often associated with violations of the cost-benefit logic of rational choice models. Violent political conflict, and its impact, is again on the front pages—in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Sudan. Full interview in English and Behasa Indonesia with the alleged leader of Jemaah Islamiyah, from Cipinang prison, Jakarta, August 13 and 15, 2005. Leadership to prevent and end conflict: More determined and bold leadership is required to set aside differences entrenched in political positions and to guide national discourse and decision-making that supports the humanity of others. Political instability and conflict in major oil-producing regions have long been seen as sources of vulnerability to petroleum supplies. 2, No. To understand and manage the local pathways to and from violent extremism requires science-based field research that is open to public verification and replicable, with clear ways and means to falsify what is wrong so as to better and better approximate what is truly right. Not necessarily. 18 | 7357-7360, “The Nature of Belief” Based on our common political experience, the article examines three In recent decades, the political systems of advanced democracies have witnessed large changes, often in reaction to economic shocks due to globalisation and technology. The subjects of political conflicts are social groups, their leaders or political institutions representing their interests. Prepared for Gandhian Nonviolence Conference, Georgetown University and MK Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence, September 2006, Washington, DC, Co-Chairs, Madeline Albright, Peter Burleigh; Participants/ Peter Ackerman, Scott Atran, David Cortright, Luis Moreno OCampo, Amartya Sen, “Sacred Values: Report on Meetings with Hamas Leaders in Gaza” Science can sometimes deeply inform politics or ethics; however, I do not think that science can justify either. Web Debate, organized by the National Center for Scientific Research, CNRS, France. Terence Blacker Why we should all channel our inner Jeremy Corbyn. What inspires the willingness of humans to make their greatest exertions, to fight unto death with and for genetic strangers, a propensity to which no creature but humans seems subject? …. 620. 7, December 2010, pp. Whereas Martyrdom actions once primarily consisted of organized campaigns by militarily weak forces aiming to end the perceived occupation of their homeland, as argued by political scientist Robert Pape in Dying to Win, suicide attacks today serve as banner actions for a thoroughly modern, global diaspora inspired by religion and claiming the role of vanguard for a massive, media-driven transnational political awakening. Well, I was never trained for that, so what the Hell am I supposed to do? Commentary: A Failure of Imagination (Intelligence, WMDs and ‘Virtual Jihad’). Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29:263-278, 2006 Anthropologists, as a group, study the diversity of human cultures to understand our commonalities and differences, and to use the knowledge of what is common to us all to help us bridge our differences. 5, No. Web Debate (Version Française) Yet for Harris, “the primacy of neuroscience and the other sciences of mind on questions of human experience cannot be denied.” And neuroscience, or rather Harris’s own two dissertation experiments on a few dozen people who live around UCLA, tell us that (in all times, places and contexts) “the division between facts and values is intellectually unsustainable.” One neuroimaging study purportedly slam-dunks the conclusion that religious beliefs are simply false beliefs about “the nature of reality.” Since “it seems clear that as societies become more prosperous, stable, and democratic,” the more they stop promoting religion, then “contrary to the opinions of many anthropologists and psychologists, religious commitment ‘is superficial enough to be readily abandoned when conditions improve to the required degree.’” And “clearly, religion is largely a matter of what people teach their children to believe about the nature of reality,” so unlearning religion just requires reeducation. Science Magazine, July 27, 2007. Such a challenge will elicit brain processes involved in cognitive decision-making, emotional activation and physiological arousal associated with the outbreak, conduct and resolution of conflict. “État islamique : l’illusion du sublime ?” Cerveau & Psycho, No. 336 no. Il est interdit, sauf accord préalable et écrit de l’éditeur, de reproduire (notamment par photocopie) partiellement ou totalement le présent article, de le stocker dans une banque de données ou de le communiquer au public sous quelque forme et de quelque manière que ce soit. Further, these findings are compatible with theorizing that links the evolution of within-group altruism to intergroup violence. 4). 281-294, by J. Ginges, S. Atran, “Mutually Assured Support: A Security Doctrine for Terrorist Nuclear Weapon Threats,” by Baruch Fischhoff, Scott Atran, Marc Sageman. Sacred values, such as those associated with religious or ethnic identity, underlie many important individual and group decisions in life, and individuals typically resist attempts to trade off their sacred values in exchange for material benefits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA | May 1, 2007 | vol. Peace, however, was short-lived. It provides a vehicle for domestic and international leadership, allowing the president to engage the American people, from a position of strength, around an issue that has had little public discussion. 7059,p. I will never accept the existence of a state of Israel. I find it fascinating that brilliant scientists and philosophers have no clue how to deal with the basic irrationality of human life and society other than to insist against all reason and evidence that things ought to be rational and evidence based. 1534-1539. In this work we find that the Iranian nuclear program, a relatively recent development, is treated as sacred by some Iranians, leading to a greater disapproval of deals which involve monetary incentives to end the program. Kenneth Cloke is Director of the Center for Dispute Resolution and a mediator, arbitrator, consultant and trainer, specializing in resolving complex multi-party conflicts internationally and in designing conflict resolution systems for organizations. 5, No. They almost invariably go on to violence in small groups of volunteers consisting mostly of friends and some kin within specific “scenes”: neighborhoods, schools (classes, dorms), workplaces, common leisure activities (soccer, study group, barbershop, café) and, increasingly, online chat-rooms. Detailed timeline of territorial control changes and key political developments since October 20, 2020, with sources cited. In addition to hosting more than 1.5 million refugees (nearly one million of whom are Syrian ), the eight-year conflict in Syria has affected cross-border trade and dampened Lebanon’s tourism industry. 281-294, by J. Ginges, S. Atran Other subject areas covered include intelligence analysis, militarization, arms and weapons. Rational Actor Models in Understanding World Conflict” In fact, offering to provide material benefits in exchange for giving up a sacred value actually makes settlement more difficult because people see the offering as an insult rather than a compromise. We show that devoted actors (1) were less amenable to social influence, (2) perceived conflict-related events in the past as well as expected events in the future to be temporally closer, and (3) were blind to individual opportunities to escape the conflict. Up dated Version of Paper on Hamas Presented to the Permanent Monitoring Panel on terrorism, World Federation of Scientists, Geneva, Oct. 2004, “Religion’s evolutionary landscape: Counterintuition, commitment, compassion, communion,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2004, v. 27, pp. Conflict, cooperation, and commerce: The effect of international political interactions on bilateral trade flows. Learn about the world's top hotspots with this interactive Global Conflict Tracker from the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations. This is the latest publication of the author on cairn. “Small Groups Find Fatal Purpose Through the Web,” Nature, v. 436, no. 78-80, “The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism”, Washington Quarterly, vol. Research on collective and violent behavior first emerged during the late 1930s, underwent a major wave of growth in the 1960s and 1970s, and waxed and waned into the late 1990s, after which it has grown steadily. In Gelfand, M. J., Chiu, C. Y., & Hong, Y. Y. The youngest victim was four months old. Conflicts in the Middle East, in particular, have repeatedly demonstrated that world oil prices, and in some instances, availability, are subject to disruption during times of conflict. Pollins, B. M. 1989a. Our empirical findings and historical analysis suggest that conventional wisdom is wrong. Not that the events weren’t shocking and brutal. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict dates back to the end of the nineteenth century, primarily as a conflict over territory. In order to understand Political Conflict it is of great importance to understand the conception of Politics in accordance to Comparative Politics, as according to Sodaro (2008:31) “Politics is the process by which people pursue collective goals and deal with their conflicts authoritatively by means of government.”. “Reframing Sacred Values,” Negotiation Journal, 2008, v. 24, pp. Identity, beliefs, and political conflict. Cultural conflict will occur only when the beliefs and traditions of one cultural group represent a challenge to individuals of another. We’re winning against Al-Qaeda and its kin in places where anti-terrorism efforts are local and built on an understanding that the ties binding terrorist networks today are more cultural and familial than political or ideological. We demonstrate that experienced humiliation produces an inertia effect; a tendency towards inaction that suppresses rebellious or violent action but which paradoxically also suppresses support for acts of inter-group compromise. Science can help us understand religion and the sacred just as it can help us understand the genome or the structure of the universe. If the United States were subject to a terrorist nuclear attack, its president would face overwhelming political pressure to respond decisively. According to this line of thinking, instrumentally rational individuals will participate in violent political action only if there are selective incentives that are limited to participants. The key, as Margaret Mead taught me long ago, when I worked as her assistant at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, was to empathize with people, without always sympathizing: to participate in their lives to the extent you feel is morally possible. The Democratic Republic of Congo is slowly recovering from a conflict known as Africa's first world war, which led to the loss of some five million … Résumé en français COURRIER INTERNATIONAL It began in Tunisia and then spread throughout the region in 2011 via Egypt, Bahrain, Yemen, Libya and Syria. The attack was a heinous crime that produced great suffering for thousands of people, and empathy and outrage among many millions more, but terrorism never threatened our national survival. Likewise, we can’t fully prepare to stop our adversaries, unless we understand the limits of our own ability to see why others see the world differently. Conflicts in the Middle East, in particular, have repeatedly demonstrated that world oil prices, and in some instances, availability, are subject to disruption during times of conflict. In contrast, culturally sensitive attempts to offer powerful symbolic gestures—such as a painful apology or sacrifice over one’s own sacred values—often increase flexibility towards compromise. They involve directly or indirectly state institutions. Over time, climate change stresses on natural resources – combined with demographic, economic and political pressures on those resources – can degrade a nation’s capacity to govern itself. The armed rebellion has evolved significantly since its inception. Yet, there is little scientific study or understanding of how material incentives and disincentives, such as economic sanctions, psychologically affect the targeted population and potentially influence behaviour. There are few business activities more prone to a credibility gap than the way in which executives approach organizational life. “Religion, group threat and sacred values,” H. Sheikh, J. Ginges, A. Coman, S. Atran, Judgment and Decision Making, Vol. violence. 4). Intelligence estimates based on models keyed to frequency and recency of past occurrences make people less secure even if they predict most harmful events. Sacred or protected values have important influences on decision making, particularly in the context of intergroup disputes. In sum, much precision relative to the impact of political conflict on the lives of young people could be gained by elaborating how political conflict is assessed. The vast literature on the impact of democratic political institutions on foreign policy behavior has yielded some of the most important developments in our understanding of violence and war over the past thirty years. Presented to THE NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL, THE WHITE HOUSE, 14 September 2006. Approaches based on “gut feelings,” or on theories that are not systematically built or tested on data from the field, will not prevent the next and future generations of youth from taking a path to political violence, no matter how effective may be law-enforcement and military measures in the short term. “God and the Ivory Tower,” Foreign Policy, August 2012 This guide will point you to the best places to find books, articles and other sources of information for your Political Science courses. However, in some cases political content posted on social medial can create disagreements, hostility, and conflict. In a series of experiments, the authors find that offering material incentives to encourage people to compromise over a sacred value will often “backfire” leading to heightened opposition to such compromise. “Counting Causualties: A Framework for Respectful, Useful Records,” Baruch Fischhoff, Scott Atran, Noam Fischhoff For new threats, we will need a new approach to risk assessment. of Defense. What may work well in Iraq, or elsewhere, may not be a wise policy in Afghanistan. 115-123, by J. Ginges, S. Atran Meanwhile, political correctness has reset the standards for civility and respect in people’s day-to-day interactions. Rational Actor Models in Understanding World Conflict”, “Beyond Belief: Religion, Science, Politics and Survival,” followup to the Salk Institute debate, “Balancing Act: Pakistan,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, November/December, 2006, “Counting Causualties: A Framework for Respectful, Useful Records,” Baruch Fischhoff, Scott Atran, Noam Fischhoff, “Band of Brothers”: Civil Society and the Making of a Terrorist, The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law, Vol.10 (4), August 2008. Social science may sound like a frivolous expenditure to legislative budget hawks, but far from trimming fat, defunding these programs would fundamentally undercut core national interests. 221-246 , by Scott Atran & Robert Axelrod, “Connecting Terrorist Networks,” J. Magouirk, S. Atran, M. Sageman, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 31:1-16, 2008, “Humiliation and the Inertia Effect: Implications for Understanding Violence and Compromise in Intractable Intergroup Conflicts ,” Journal of Cognition and Culture, 2008, v. 8, pp. The EU-funded POLCON (Political Conflict in Europe in the Shadow of the Great Recession) project is studying the structuration of political conflict in Europe, based on an analysis of political contestation in the electoral arena, the protest arena and in issue-specific public interactions. Like it or not, social science research informs everything from national security to technology development to healthcare and economic management. Understanding religion requires explaining why supernatural beliefs, devotions, and rituals are both universal and variable across cultures, and why religion is so often associated with both large-scale cooperation and enduring group conflict. 6, 25 March 2004, “Individual Factors in Suicide Terrorism,” and “‘Fictive Kin’ in Suicide Terrorism,” Science magazine, April 2004 letters, Supplementary Online Material, SCIENCE, April 2004, “Soft Power and the Psychology of Suicide Bombing” After two decades of war, it gained its independence from Sudan in 2011. 1. Just days later, 38 people in villages of southern Azad Kashmir had their throats cut or were beheaded. …. a “political solution”, that is, a solution achieved through discussion and not through In response to suggestions about continuing the conversation I had on the podium with Richard Dawkins and Sam Harris at the Salk Institute conference on “Beyond Belief,” here I would like to elaborate a bit on what I said at the time. Sacred bounds on rational resolution of violent political conflict Jeremy Ginges , Scott Atran , Douglas Medin , Khalil Shikaki Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences May 2007, 104 (18) 7357-7360; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701768104 Based on our common political experience, the article examines three features of political conflicts. But the deaths would not end there. 1299 (pages 11–24) Hammad Sheikh, Jeremy Ginges and Scott Atran Article first published online: 24 SEP 2013 | DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12275 Presented to the World Federation of Scientists Permanent Monitoring Panel on terrorism, Erice, Sicily, Aug. 2004, “Tuning Out Hell’s Harpists: Interviews with Hamas” They require Political conflict stems from the perspectives, interests, and values of individuals and, so, gauging differences, strengths, and changes in public opinion can provide crucial information on potential and actual responses to policy issues and initiatives. NONVIOLENCE IN AN AGE OF TERRORISM” Recent research indicates they have no appreciable psychopathology and are as educated and economically well-off as surrounding populations. …. The present study is the first demonstration of the backfire effect for material disincentives as well as incentives, and on an issue whose apparent sacred nature is recent rather than longstanding. INTERDISCIPLINES. 111, early edition Dec. 8, 2014 Published for over 50 years, Cooperation and Conflict is a peer reviewed journal committed to publishing high quality articles that examines a broad set of research questions. We used an experimental paradigm that used integrity as a proxy for sacredness and which paid real money to induce individuals to sell their personal values. 78-80 “Black and White and Red All Over: How the hyperkinetic media is breeding a new generation of terrorists,” FOREIGN POLICY, April 22, 2013 In this article, the author presents a framework to understand how social media can influence political conflict on the level of the elites as well as mass-level collective action. I have been using interviews like this to probe theoretical questions, including the limits of rational choice and utility theories (vs the role of sacred values in decision making and judgement), the fundamental attribution error, and ideas of essentialism. Why Trump Can’t Learn. Address to the UN Security Council on “the Role of Youth in Countering Violent Extremism and Promoting Peace,” 23 April 2015 Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 2007, TERROR NETWORKS AND SACRED VALUES There is, however, much playacting at science to justify a peculiar sort of Brave New World where atheism will help do away with female genital mutilation and lie detectors will preclude pleading the Fifth Amendment. Global Network Terrorism The EU-funded POLCON (Political Conflict in Europe in the Shadow of the Great Recession) project is studying the structuration of political conflict in Europe, based on an analysis of political contestation in the electoral arena, the protest arena and in issue-specific public interactions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society – B. 66, nov-déc 2014 American Journal of Political Science, 33 (3): 737–761. In May, the Pakistani army managed to force out most remaining foreign relief workers from the still-devastated region of Azad Kashmir, the Pakistan-controlled part of the disputed province. “Mutually Assured Support: A Security Doctrine for Terrorist Nuclear Weapon Threats,” by Baruch Fischhoff, Scott Atran, Marc Sageman. Political conflicts do not concern individuals as such but groups of various kinds. News 'Emaciated' survivors hint at worse in Ethiopia's Tigray. 2014 bekundete einer von vier französischen Jugendlichen Sympathien für die Terrororganisation Islamischer Staat. PARTY ACTIVISTS AND THE POSSIBLE CAUSES OF CONFLICT EXTENSION. Domestic Violence Megan Hunter March 10, 2018 high-conflict divorce, high-conflict families, Political Conflict, American politics Comment. CTC Sentinel, vol. We integrate experiments within a survey of 1997 Iranians. Whether for cooperation or conflict, sacred values, like devotion to God or a collective cause, signal group identity and operate as moral imperatives that inspire nonrational exertions independent of likely outcomes. What can the United States do to keep the pressure on extremist groups, without too strongly relying on,and so reinforcing, remnants of the political and military old guard? Sacred values sustain intractable conflicts that defy “business-like” negotiation, but also provide surprising opportunities for resolution. July 2003. But this, of course, is part of the overall U.S. reaction to terrorism since 9/11, where perhaps never in history have so few, armed with so few means, caused so much fear in so many. Paper Presented to Conference on “Roots of Terrorism,” University of Michigan, March 2004, “The Jihadist Mutation” A fragile epicentre. The Boston bombings have provoked the most intense display of law enforcement and media coverage since 9/11. Destroy in just the right way to rebuild?”…. Many on both sides cite demographic trends as justification for a two-state solution. These are basic questions about human nature and warfare…. Women's lack of interest in conflict and power‐related activities mediates the relationship between gender and political ambition. Conflict. A conflict results in heated arguments, physical abuses and definitely loss of peace and harmony. Young people constantly see and discuss among themselves images of war and injustice against “our people,” become morally outraged (especially if injustice resonates personally, which is more of a problem abroad than at home), and dream of a war for justice that gives their friendship cause. “War as a Moral Imperative (Not Practical Politics by Other Means),” Jeremy Ginges & Scott Atran, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, February 16, 2011, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2384 In Gelfand, M. J., Chiu, C. Y., & Hong, Y. Y. We have lived together in peace for centuries. Political instability and conflict in major oil-producing regions have long been seen as sources of vulnerability to petroleum supplies. 2, March 2012, pp. “Moral Moonshine: Sam Harris’s Guide to Nearly Everything,” THE NATIONAL INTEREST, March/April 2011
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