The history of British concentration camps in the 1940s, when the government not only imprisoned refugees and German soldiers but also gave a foreign government the right to organize camps on the British Isles, highlights this fundamental hypocrisy. Get a $20 discounted print subscription today, How Bernie Sanders, an Open Socialist, Won Burlington’s Mayoral Election, Ronald Reagan Paved the Way for Donald Trump, Justin Trudeau Hasn’t Delivered On His Pledge to Establish Public Pharmacare. The end of the war precipitated an agricultural crisis in the United Kingdom. Private Equity and Hedge Funds Survived the 2008 Crisis. After the fall of France in 1940, over twenty thousand Polish soldiers were evacuated from the beaches of Dunkirk to Britain. Daniel Hale Blew the Whistle on the US’s Illegal Drone Program. This pragmatic approach to the imprisonment of men and women based only on nationality or ethnicity has been a leitmotif of twentieth-century British history. Some large camps had both a camp leader and a 'man of confidence' (or several in the biggest camps) who was junior to him and handled any day-to-day negotiations with the Germans regarding, for example, camp routine, work schedules and diet. When peaceful protesters defied a government order and demonstrated against British colonial rule in Amritsar, India, on 13 April 1919, they were blocked inside the walled Jallianwala Gardens and fired upon by Gurkha soldiers. Among these were Germans and Austrians living in Britain as well as Irish citizens suspected of disloyalty to the crown. Estimates of the deaths vary widely: historian David Anderson estimates there were 20,000, whereas Caroline Elkins believes up to 100,000 could have died. By that time, the British themselves had begun employing slave labor on an industrial scale, using hundreds of camps across the country to imprison workers. Prisoners in camps such as those at Tighnabruich, Kingledoors, and Inverkeithing were certainly mistreated and occasionally murdered. Additional common crimes include theft, arson, and the destruction of property not warranted by military necessity. This photograph was taken by Sergeant Harry Oakes of the Army Film and Photographic Unit. The Nazis first created a detention camp at Bergen-Belsen for 8,000 foreign prisoners in 1943. Brigadier Dyer was later lauded a hero by the British public, who raised £26,000 for him as a thank you. Simon Webb is the author of many books on social history, including British Concentration Camps: A Brief History From 1900-1975. With many thousands of prisoners working the land, this was not possible. He made no secret of his intentions, explaining at a meeting of the Polish National Council in London on July 18, 1940, “There is no Polish judiciary. The Geneva Conventions also require prisoners of war to be repatriated as soon as hostilities cease, but it took the United Kingdom  until 1948 to allow the last of the enslaved Germans to return to their own country. We discuss the last four chaotic years of US politics, what happened in November, and what to expect from the Biden administration. At first, the British were not able to beat the Boers. In 1947, Am Stau and Poppendorf were crammed with Jews the British did not want leaving Europe. A year after World War II’s end, British agriculture only functioned thanks to slave labor. It quickly regretted this decision: the first prisoner the writers spoke to was another Jew, and the journalists learned that a prisoner had been shot dead by one of the guards the previous week. The Belsen concentration camp, renamed Hohne, held Jews who wished to emigrate to Palestine in defiance of British wishes. Some estimates suggest up to one million people lost their lives in sectarian killings. While the British camps do not begin to compare to those in Nazi Germany, they were indisputably concentration camps. Frongoch Concentration Camp, built around a disused factory, established the pattern for the camps that began to appear all over Europe in the 1930s: a barbed wire fence circled the old buildings, and wooden huts were constructed to increase the camp’s capacity. During the Second Boer War (1899–1902), they set up a network of camps in which conditions were so grim that over twenty-two thousand children under the age of sixteen died of starvation and disease. Unfortunately, the people they wanted it back… Judge Robert Toms said, “There is no such thing as benevolent slavery. Get a $20 discounted print subscription today! The Belsen concentration camp, renamed Hohne, held Jews who wished to emigrate to Palestine in defiance of British wishes. Five of the worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire, Armed Afrikaners on the veldt near Ladysmith during the second Boer War, circa 1900, A young visitor looks at a painting depicting the Amritsar Massare at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, British lawyer and law lord Cyril Radcliffe, 1st Viscount Radcliffe (1899 - 1977) at the Colonial Office, London, July 1956, Mau Mau suspects at one of the prison camps in 1953, Read more British people are proud of colonialism and the British Empire - poll, {{#verifyErrors}} {{message}} {{/verifyErrors}} {{^verifyErrors}} {{message}} {{/verifyErrors}}, British people are proud of colonialism and the British Empire - poll, Oxford Union criticised over 'tasteless' Colonial Comeback cocktail, Revealed: How British Empire’s dirty secrets went up in smoke in the, 5 of the worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire, overcrowded and prone to outbreaks of disease, with scant food rations, the situation quickly descended into violence, Booking.com promo: 10% extra saving with Level 1 Genius membership, 15% off selected luxury beauty products by using this Debenhams discount code, Exclusive Ideal World promo code: 20% saving on fitness, Enter this AliExpress promo code for £10 off £100 orders in the tech sale, Argos discount: Save up to 15% on selected bikes and scooters. On June 15, just weeks after the end of the war in Europe, the Russian newspaper Pravda carried an article that began: The Polish Fascist concentration camp system, notorious before the Germans started Buchenwald and other camps, was preserved when the Poles fled from Poland. Then, the United Kingdom ditches this right with indecent haste. Hitler's British death island: Astonishing story of how the Nazis murdered 40,000 people in Channel Island concentration camps - and planned to blitz the South Coast with chemical weapons When the ‘final solution’ – Hitler’s plan to kill all the Jews in Europe – was put into effect in 1941, gas chambers were built at several death-camps, of which Auschwitz was the most infamous. A year after […]. In southern Africa, the concept of concentration camps had simultaneously taken root. Today, the expression “concentration camp” evokes the horrors of Nazi Germany, conjuring up black-and-white images of Auschwitz and Belsen. Our new issue is out now. In the course of the war, the British Army was reinforced by volunteer contingents from Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Cape Colony and Natal. Subscribe in print for $20 today! There were many different types of camps, some held specifically Navy personnel, others held only officers, and others held a more general array of prisoners. Now They’re Making a Killing Off COVID-19. While at Rothesay, these dissidents could not be in London attempting to challenge the general’s authority. The camps held British, American, French, Polish and Soviet military personnel. And expanded usage of the concentration camp label continued, when the British set up camps during the Second Boer War (1899–1902) in South Africa for … British politicians hold habeas corpus — the right not to be imprisoned without trial — in sentimental regard, claiming it as one of the United Kingdom’s core values. Some 60,000 prisoners, most in critical condition because of a typhus epidemic, were found alive. In 2016 Simon Webb published British Concentration Camps: A Brief History from 1900-1975 controversially describing the detention centres as Concentration Camps. Within the camp, British POWs were controlled by the Senior British Officer (SBO) or Senior British Non-Commissioned Officer (SBNCO). The British police did not investigate these deaths because the Polish army had complete and unlimited authority over their own citizens in Britain. Though it reached its horrific heights at Auschwitz and Buchenwald, the British, not the Nazis, pioneered the concentration camp. British concentration camps refers to camps which were operated by the British in South Africa during the Second Anglo-Boer War which lasted from 1900–1902. The operation by the British army of concentration camps during the Boer War led to the deaths of tens of thousands of children from starvation and disease. British Concentration Camps, A Brief History, 1900-75, by Simon Webb (Pen & Sword, £16.58) is available on Amazon. Although the proponents of Empire say it brought various economic developments to parts of the world it controlled, critics point to massacres, famines and the use of concentration camps by the British Empire. Both during and immediately after the war, concentration camps and slave-labor camps operated throughout the United Kingdom. At the time, they were fighting the Boer people in the Second Boer War in South Africa . British lawyer and law lord Cyril Radcliffe, 1st Viscount Radcliffe (1899 - 1977) … Separating concentration camps and extermination camps. Members of the Kikuyu tribe were detained in camps, since described as "Britain's gulags" or concentration camps, where they allege they were systematically tortured and suffered serious sexual assault. They entered the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, near Celle, in mid-April 1945. Unease about the Polish camps reached a climax in 1945. Prisoners at the Frongoch concentration camp in North Wales after the 1916 Easter Rising. Want to bookmark your favourite articles and stories to read or reference later? During the Second Boer War (1899-1902), the British rounded up around a sixth of the Boer population - mainly women and children - and detained them in camps, which were overcrowded and prone to outbreaks of disease, with scant food rations. This thesis examines the British concentration camps and seeks to establish who was responsible for them; what were the conditions were like inside of them, and why almost 50,000 noncombatants, both black and white, died in the camps … During the war, the Women’s Land Army and schoolchildren donated their time to farming. These new camps resembled Frongoch, Dachau, and Bereza Kartuska: the military commandeered rows of houses and built barbed wire fences around them. Inside the camp the horrified soldiers found piles of dead and rotting corpses and thousands of sick and starving prisoners kept in severely overcrowded and dirty compounds. Denmark’s Frederik Borgbjerg Wanted to Win Democratic Socialism, Not Just the Welfare State, Democrat Blanche Lincoln Is Helping Big Business Avoid Paying Taxes, CIA Whistleblower: “Julian Assange Will Not Receive an Impartial Jury”, The Algerian Revolution Changed the World for the Better. The British even built two new camps after the end of the war near the German town of Lubeck. In 1945, Britain held hundreds of thousands of German prisoners at home as well as in Canada, the United States, and North Africa. Courts later ruled that the guard who killed him, Marian Przybyski, was using his weapon in the execution of his duties. British concentration camps. Get our print magazine for just $20 a year. In addition to German nationals — the vast majority of whom were Jews who had fled their homes to avoid a similar fate — the government arrested and held a thousand British citizens. Belsen, near Hanover in Germany, is the first concentration camp to be liberated by the British. Prisoners of war must be housed and fed at least as well as their captor’s own armed forces. Amazon Waged a Brutal Anti-Union Campaign. He wrote that at the camp in Inverkeithing, reporters were finally able to talk to prisoners in 1945. Dauchau’s example inspired the autocratic ruler of another country: Poland’s aging Marshal Pilsudski was, like Hitler, having problems with citizens who opposed his rule. After peace, it was unlikely that they would continue to engage in back-breaking labor for free. These prisoners included a retired admiral, a member of parliament, and the former general secretary of the Women’s Social and Political Union, otherwise known as the suffragettes. Partitioning of India. More recently, slave-labourers confined in a nationwide network of camps played an integral role in Britain's post-war prosperity. It was however the British, rather than the Germans, who were the chief driving force behind the development and use of concentration camps in the Twentieth Century. An account of the abduction of Dr Jan Jagodzinski, a Jewish academic, followed. Indeed, the United Kingdom was not only an enthusiastic concentration-camp operator, but it also tolerated another nation operating camps on British soil. Our new issue, “Biden Our Time,” is out now. The Belsen concentration camp, renamed Hohne, held Jews who wished to emigrate to Palestine in defiance of British wishes. Between 1945 and 1948, the Nuremberg trials prosecuted Nazi officers for crimes against humanity, including, of course, “compulsory, uncompensated labor.” In 1947, the SS officers who had administered the Third Reich’s slave system were tried, and a number of the defendants were subsequently hanged for their wartime activities. Involuntary servitude, even tempered by humane treatment, is still slavery.” At the time of this judgment, over three hundred thousand enslaved workers were bringing in the British harvest. Today, the expression “concentration camp” evokes the horrors of Nazi Germany, conjuring up black-and-white images of Auschwitz and Belsen. Start your Independent Premium subscription today. A little over a year after Dachau opened, his regime set up a camp for those “whose activities or conduct give rise to the belief that they threaten the public security, peace, or order.” Like Dachau, the Bereza Kartuska concentration camp followed the British model: a disused building surrounded by barbed wire. In 1947, Am Stau and Poppendorf were crammed with Jews the British did not want leaving Europe. During World War I, the United Kingdom used concentration camps to control those they could not or would not bring before the courts: men who had committed no offense besides belonging to the wrong nationality or ethnic group. That same year, the British government allowed another country to build a running network of concentration camps in Scotland. A YouGov poll found 43 per cent of Brits thought the British Empire was a good thing, while 44 per cent were proud of Britain's history of colonialism, Find your bookmarks in your Independent Premium section, under my profile. This is where the word "concentration camp" was first used – in British camps that systematically imprisoned more than 115,000 people and saw at least 25,000 of them killed off. For many of us, the very expression Concentration Camp is inextricably linked to Nazi Germany and the horrors of the Holocaust. In 1947, Cyril Radcliffe was tasked with drawing the border between India and the newly created state of Pakistan over the course of a single lunch. The British Army created the concentration camps as part of a campaign against Boer guerrillas fighting against the takeover of their independent republic. As the war continued, some members of parliament became uneasy about the Scottish camps and began asking questions about individual cases, which invariably involved Jewish prisoners. Silverman asked the secretary of state for war, “How many persons are now detained by the Polish authorities in this country under their powers under the Allied Forces Act?” He received a vague reply: the British government could not afford to alienate their ally at such an important time. On one side, following the Great Depression of the early 1930’s, there was a spike in support for fascism, and in turn antisemitism, in Britain. Between 12 and 29 million Indians died of starvation while it was under the control of the British Empire, as millions of tons of wheat were exported to Britain as famine raged in India. BERGEN-BELSEN CONCENTRATION CAMP, APRIL 1945 Army photographers and cameramen, along with leading war correspondents, recorded the aftermath of Bergen-Belsen's liberation. To those who reminded him that many of these people were Jewish refugees, he responded briefly and memorably: “Collar the lot!” Of course, no one wanted to call these new institutions “concentration camps,” so they renamed them “internment camps” to differentiate them from the Nazis’ practice. In May 1946, three thousand men a week were arriving in Britain and being sent off to army-protected camps. France’s Far Right Is Setting the Agenda Because the Mainstream Allows It To, Joe Manchin Took Corporate Cash — Now He’s Defending Corporate Interests, Amazon Can Only Claim Their Jobs Are Decent Because American Work Has Gotten So Miserable, Under Capitalism, the Deck Is Always Stacked Against Unionizing at Companies Like Amazon. Like Frongoch, it consisted of a barbed wire fence around an old factory with wooden huts to house more prisoners. Subsequently, British forces would liberate other such camps, including Neuengamme, located near Hamburg. Thousands of elderly Kenyans, who claim British colonial forces mistreated, raped and tortured them during the Mau Mau Uprising (1951-1960), have launched a £200m damages claim against the UK Government. The operation by the British army of concentration camps during the Boer War led to the deaths of tens of thousands of children from starvation and disease. Between 1900 and 1902, the British Empire, led by Lord Kitchener, used concentration camps. On March 22, 1933, the first concentration camp in Nazi Germany opened near the Bavarian town of Dachau. As part of the government’s policy to achieve food self-sufficiency, it dedicated twice as much land to growing wheat in 1945 as in 1938. Unsurprisingly, They Won. Concentration camps were soon being used to imprison Jews and other victims of the Nazi race policies. This short article cannot further explore British concentration camps in the years between 1940 and 1948, which would include a longer discussion of the United Kingdom’s decision to keep some German camps open. But Germans were neither the first nation to make use of concentration camps nor the last. Today, the site of the former concentration camp Sylt is an overgrown patch of land hard against the rugged cliffs of Alderney, part of a British Crown Dependency in … The British had been early adopters of these exceedingly useful establishments. YouGov found 44 per cent were proud of Britain's history of colonialism, with 21 per cent regretting it happened and 23 per cent holding neither view. Eighteen months later authorities opened a concentration camp in a remote part of Wales to cope with the thousands of Irish political prisoners who had been filling up British prisons. So the United Kingdom changed their prisoners’ status from prisoners of war to surrendered enemy personnel. Whatever their name, the government built them to keep those the state could not permit to remain at large behind barbed wire. The British even built two new camps after the end of the war near the German town of Lubeck. In the 1950s, the people of Kenya decided they wanted their nation back. In order to use them as slave labor, however, the government would have to strip them of the protections afforded by the Geneva Conventions, which Britain had signed. At its height in 1922, the British empire governed a fifth of the world's population and a quarter of the world's total land area. Eventually Frongoch held over two thousand Irish republicans. Without an unpaid workforce, the country could not maintain its agricultural output. He’s a Hero, Not a Criminal. On October 29, 1940, for example, a Jewish prisoner named Edward Jakubowsky was shot dead at the camp near Kingledoors. The famine was their own fault for breeding like rabbits.”, Join thought-provoking conversations, follow other Independent readers and see their replies. In May 1946, while high-ranking SS officers were preparing for trial at Nuremberg, 385,000 enslaved workers were held behind barbed wire across the British Isles; thousands more were arriving every week. But Germans were neither the first nation to make use of concentration camps nor the last. But these camps also held people indefinitely and without trial because of their nationality, ethnicity, religion and/or political beliefs. The Belsen concentration camp, renamed Hohne, held Jews who wished to emigrate to Palestine in defiance of British wishes. The British response to the pre-war Nazi persecution of the Jews was varied. Talking about the Bengal famine in 1943, Churchill said: “I hate Indians. 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On December 4, 1914, for instance, the Manchester Guardian carried the headline “Disorder at Lancaster Concentration Camp.” The article described a bayonet charge by troops to restore order among the German civilians detained in the camp. They are a beastly people with a beastly religion. Others were reserved for “persons of improper moral character,” including homosexuals. … After Cyril Radcliffe split the subcontinent along religious lines, uprooting over 10 million people, Hindus in Pakistan and Muslims in India were forced to escape their homes as the situation quickly descended into violence. After World War II ended, the newly elected Labour government put pressure on the Polish authorities to close down their camps, but they stayed open as late as 1946. The same poll also found 43 per cent believed the British Empire was a good thing, 19 per cent said it was bad and 25 per cent said it was "neither". British forces liberated concentration camps in northern Germany, including Neuengamme and Bergen-Belsen. Those who conspire will be sent to a concentration camp.”. Both during and immediately after the war, concentration camps and slave-labor camps operated throughout the United Kingdom. Catalyst, a new journal published by Jacobin, is out now. In 1943, up to four million Bengalis starved to death when Winston Churchill diverted food to British soldiers and countries such as Greece while a deadly famine swept through Bengal. A new YouGov poll has found the British public are generally proud of the British Empire and its colonial past. British troops have entered the German concentration camp of Bergen-Belsen. Transceltic. The British concept of camps or areas of concentration for civilians was different to that of the Spanish in that they were deployed to house a hostile or suspect population. In the first postwar year, the United Kingdom brought a staggering number of men from all over the world to work the land. RELATED STORIES; Rabbi, I have a problem. farms and kraals into concentration camps. The soldiers, under the orders of Brigadier Reginald Dyer, kept firing until they ran out of ammunition, killing between 379 and 1,000 protesters and injuring another 1,100 within 10 minutes. Some held political prisoners, including Marian Zyndram-Koscialkowski, former Polish prime minister, and General Ludomil Antoni Rayski, former commander of the Polish Air Force. The United Kingdom and Poland agreed that they would be dispatched to Scotland, charged with protecting the east coast from the German forces who had just invaded Norway. This short article cannot further explore British concentration camps in the years between 1940 and 1948, which would include a longer discussion of the United Kingdom’s decision to keep some German camps open. The idea of British concentration camps is a strange and unsettling one. The British have always held hypocritical positions when it comes to concentration camps: they are as eager as any other nation to use them while always being the first to condemn any country that sets up similar establishments. In 1941, Samuel Silverman, the MP for Nelson and Colne, inquired about Benjamin and Jack Ajzenberg, two Jewish brothers who had been arrested by Polish soldiers in London and transported to Scotland. He had been spirited off to Scotland and held in the Inverkeithing concentration camp, just a few miles north of Edinburgh. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigation Jump to search Tents in the Bloemfontein concentration camp Boer women and children in a concentration camp. Want an ad-free experience?Subscribe to Independent Premium. The British soldiers tried to cut off supplies to the Boers, destroyed farms and crops and introduced concentration camps where thousands of Boers died, many as a … The Rothesay camp was relatively easygoing, intended only to prevent discontented army officers and politicians from working against Sikorski’s interests. At the time, they made up over 25 percent of the land workforce. Of the 107,000 people interned in the camps, 27,927 Boers died, along with an unknown number of black Africans. In return, the Polish government in exile, led by General Wladyslaw Sikorski, was allowed to conduct their affairs as they saw fit. The idea of British concentration camps is a strange and unsettling one. To alleviate fears, the Polish government allowed the press to visit the camp. The British government treated these bases in Scotland as sovereign Polish territory. This short article cannot further explore British concentration camps in the years between 1940 and 1948, which would include a longer discussion of the United Kingdom’s decision to keep some German camps open. Already on our list? During the harsh winter of 1945, the men transported to Britain only had tents for shelter, which would have breached international law had they been recognized as prisoners of war. In fact, more men, women, and children died of starvation and disease in these camps than did men actually fighting in the Second Boer War of 1899 to 1902, a territorial struggle in South Africa. General Sikorski feared that other exiled Polish politicians were plotting against him, so he opened a camp at Rothesay, on the Isle of Bute, just thirty miles from Glasgow, for those he worried would threaten his authority. Their attachment to this notion reveals itself to be mere rhetoric, however, whenever habeas corpus threatens to interfere with good governance. 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